Akwai fiye da hodar iblis fiye da kowane lokaci. Asalin wannan bukin hodar Iblis yana faruwa ne a wajen garuruwan al La Dorada (Colombia) inda wuraren kiwon shanu da kifin kifaye sannu a hankali suka koma gonakin koca mara iyaka.
Haƙƙin wanzuwar ƙasar Colombia ne. Baya ga ƴan malamai da hare-hare na lokaci-lokaci da dakarun soji ke yi, da ƙyar akwai jihar Colombia. Don tafiya nan, mutanen waje suna buƙatar izini daga wata ƙungiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi da ake jin tsoro da aka sani da Comandos de la Frontera, waɗanda 'yan baranda sanye da korayen T-shirt na soja suna sintiri manyan motoci da babura.
Wannan yanki, a lardin Putumayo, ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga karuwar samar da hodar iblis da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Ko da yake magoya bayan shahararrun jerin Narcos na Netflix na iya kasancewa a ƙarƙashin ra'ayi cewa zamanin Medellin Cartel, na Pablo Escobar a cikin 80s da 90s, ita ce ranar da aka fara cinikin hodar iblis. Shin akwai sauran cinikin hodar iblis a halin yanzu.
Me yasa cinikin hodar iblis ke girma?
"Muna rayuwa a zamanin zinare na hodar IblisIn ji Toby Muse, marubucin littafin Kilo: Ciki Mafi Mutuwar Cocaine Cartels daga shekarar 2020, wanda ya shafi cinikin magunguna na Colombia sama da shekaru ashirin. "Cocaine yana kaiwa kusurwoyin duniyar da bai taba ganin irinsa ba saboda akwai magungunan da yawa."
Ƙarƙashin wannan bunƙasa shine haɓaka mai girma a cikin yawan gonaki, da kuma samar da mafi girma a kan noman coca - abubuwan da ke haifar da canza yanayin siyasa a yankin da karuwar buƙatu. A yanzu haka dai haramtacciyar sana'ar tana samar da kimanin tan 2.000 na hodar iblis a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu adadin da aka samu shekaru goma da suka gabata, a cewar ofishin MDD mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka. Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa adadin Coca da aka dasa a kasar Colombia ya haura sama da hekta 200.000 a bara, wanda ya ninka adadin da ya ninka na Escobar a shekarar 1993.
Duk abin da ake samarwa yana mamaye kasuwanni a duniya, yana kawo tashin hankali, rashawa da riba mai yawa. Kimanin mil 10.000 daga waɗannan gonaki a cikin Andes, kama shan hodar iblis a Ostiraliya ya ninka sau huɗu tun daga 2010. Yawan maganin cocaine na Amurka ya karu sau biyar a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata yayin da dillalai suka fara hada magungunan tare da opioids na roba. Ecuador ta ayyana dokar ta baci a wannan shekara ga tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma, Guayaquil. Wannan saboda kisan gilla da bama-bamai na mota da sauran tashin hankali daga masu sayar da hodar iblis.
Turai ta cika da hodar iblis
Yayin da har yanzu hodar Iblis ke kaiwa kasuwannin gargajiya a Amurka, lamarin ya mamaye nahiyar Turai, inda aka samu karuwar kamuwa da cutar a cikin shekaru biyar kacal, a cewar alkaluman EU. A Afirka, kamuwa da hodar iblis ya karu sau goma tsakanin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2019, yayin da adadin da aka kama a Asiya ya kusan ninka sau hudu a daidai wannan lokacin, a cewar bayanan da MDD ta tattara. An kama miyagun kwayoyi masu yawa a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Turkiyya da Gabashin Turai, yayin da masu fasa kwauri suka bude sabbin hanyoyi. Har ila yau yana fadada zuwa wuraren da ba a saba gani ba a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kamar Argentina da Croatia.
Matsakaicin tsaftar hodar iblis a kan titunan Turai ya haura zuwa sama da kashi 60 cikin 37, daga kashi 2010 cikin XNUMX a shekarar XNUMX. Ragowar magungunan da ke cikin ruwan datti na manyan biranen kasar ya rubanya cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. "Turai tana cike da hodar iblis," in ji Laurent Laniel, babban manazarcin kimiyya a Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna da Magunguna ta Turai, wata hukumar EU. "Ba a taɓa jin tayin ba."
Girman wannan bugu na hodar Iblis a duniya yana samun goyon bayan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda suka ƙware wajen ɓoye maganin da kuma rarraba shi da yawa a duniya. Don isa Turai, masu fasa-kwauri sun fi dogara ne da manyan motocin kasuwanci da ke tafiya a tekun Atlantika. Hakan ya ba su damar yin amfani da babbar hanyar haɗin gwiwar duniya don isa kasuwannin ketare tare da sikelin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba.
Talakawa ma'aikata da masu shan koko
Ma'aikatan da ke aikin noman Coca sun kasance a kan karuwar biliyoyin daloli na noman hodar Iblis a duniya, amma kaɗan ne daga cikin ribar da suke samu. Maimakon haka, suna rayuwa a cikin talauci a cikin katako na katako, yayin da ainihin kuɗin da aka samu ta hanyar mutanen da ke sama da sarkar, ciki har da shugabannin kungiyoyi kamar Comandos de la Frontera, amma kuma mafia a Mexico, Italiya, Balkans da sauran wurare.
Wani masanin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya tambayi nawa ne magungunan za su samu a Landan kuma lokacin da ya sami amsar - kusan sau 20 zuwa 30 farashin a Colombia - wani dan jarida ya tambayi abin da ya sani game da dokokin biza na Burtaniya da farashin tikitin jirgin sama. Wata masana'anta ta bulla a kusa da La Dorada don kwace ma'aikata marasa galihu daga kudaden da suke samu. Lokacin da aka gama su na ranar, ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje sukan je wasan zakara don yin caca. Barguna da gidajen karuwai sun mamaye filin karkara inda masu shan koko, wasu daga cikinsu bakin haure da suka tsere daga talauci a Venezuela, za su iya sha da kansu ba tare da sun manta da kade-kade da ke lalata ba.
Ƙungiya - in babu hukuma - yana da nasa tsarin shari'a kuma yana sanya aikin tilastawa lokacin da ma'aikata suka yi yaƙi ko kuma suka aikata ba daidai ba. Bugu da kari, akwai tashin hankali mai tsanani. Kimanin mutane 20 ne aka kashe a wani fadan da aka gwabza a watan Nuwamba tsakanin Comandos de la Fontera da wani bangaren da ke hamayya da shi na kula da noman Coca da hanyoyin kasuwanci masu tarin yawa a kusa da Putumayo. A wannan watan, an harbe wasu gungun mutane mintina kadan daga wata gona, bisa ga wata takaddama tsakanin Comandos da wata kungiyar.
Tafiyar Cocaine
Cocaine mai suna Putumayo yakan fara tafiya ne ta hanyar jansa a tsallaka Andes zuwa gabar tekun Pasifik na Colombia, a loda shi cikin kwale-kwale masu sauri, kuma a kai su cikin kogunan daji zuwa Amurka ta Tsakiya. Daga inda yake tafiya zuwa Mexico da Amurka. Ko kuma ta haye kogin zuwa Ecuador don aika shi zuwa kasashen waje ta kwantena na teku.
Masu fataucin sun ci riba a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata daga cinikin bama-bamai a cikin sabbin kayayyaki da sauran kayayyaki daga gabar tekun Pacific na Kudancin Amurka. Taimakawa ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ciniki na kyauta da kuma fadada tashar ta Panama. Cartels sun ƙara haɓaka wajen ɓoye magunguna a cikin miliyoyin kwantena da ke shiga tashar jiragen ruwa kamar Antwerp da Rotterdam kowace shekara.
Halin lalacewa na kaya irin su ayaba, blueberries, bishiyar asparagus, furanni da inabi suna aiki ga cin gajiyar 'yan kasuwa ta hanyar hana 'yan sanda ko binciken kwastan da zai jinkirta jigilar kaya. Ambaliyar ruwan hodar iblis ta haifar da tarzoma har zuwa Guinea-Bissau (Yammacin Afirka). An shafe sa'o'i da dama ana harbe-harbe a babban birnin kasar a cikin watan Fabrairu yayin da 'yan bindiga suka kewaye fadar gwamnati. Shugaba Umaro Sissoco Embalo ya zargi masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da laifin yunkurin kashe shi da majalisar ministocinsa. Kasar dai ita ce hanyar safarar hodar Iblis zuwa Turai, saboda ana kallon tsibiran da ke gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma a matsayin wurin da ya dace wajen sauka da kuma adana muggan kwayoyi.
Komawa a Kudancin Amurka, haɓakar wadatar ta ma ta canza kasuwannin magunguna na gida. Yawancin hodar iblis da ake samarwa a Peru da Bolivia suma suna rura wutar sha a can, musamman a Brazil da Argentina. A wani kiyasi da ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da muggan kwayoyi da laifuffuka ya yi, kimanin ‘yan Kudancin Amurka miliyan 5 ne suka yi amfani da hodar Iblis a shekarar 2020, wanda ke nufin kasuwar cikin gida na nahiyar ta sayar da maganin ya kai girman na Turai.
"Akwai fadada a Afirka ta Kudu, Asiya da kuma a Turai," in ji Ruben Vargas, tsohon shugaban hukumar yaki da muggan kwayoyi ta gwamnatin Peru. "Amma a gare mu, babbar matsalar ita ce Brazil, wacce ta zama mai yawan shan hodar iblis."
Haɓaka samarwa
Harkar hodar Iblis a Colombia ya fara karuwa ne shekaru goma da suka gabata, a daidai lokacin da gwamnati ta fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya da babbar kungiyar 'yan tawayen kasar, FARC. Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia ya fara ne a cikin XNUMXs a matsayin gungun masu ra'ayin Markisanci na manoman karkara wadanda suka nemi hambarar da abin da suka dauka a matsayin gwamnatoci masu cin hanci da rashawa wadanda ke goyon bayan masu arziki. Amma kungiyar ta dauki nauyin fadada ta ne a shekarun XNUMX da kudaden da ta samu ta hanyar biyan haraji ga manoma da sauran masu sana’ar sayar da hodar iblis.
Hukumomin kasar sun sassauta yadda aka tilastawa kawar da coca a yayin tattaunawar, inda suka ce za su mayar da hankali wajen dakile safarar kayayyaki da kuma kwace kudaden da aka sace. Sa'an nan, a cikin 2015, Colombia ta daina fesa filayen coca tare da glyphosate na herbicide. Wannan maganin kashe kwari shi ne babban makamin gwamnati na yaki da masu noma, duk da haka, WHO ta yi nuni da cewa sinadarin carcinogenic ne.
Yawan ƙasar da aka dasa da coca ya ninka kusan sau uku tun lokacin da aka fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, wacce aka rattaba hannu a shekarar 2016, ta kasance tare da shirye-shirye don karfafa maye gurbin coca na son rai don amfanin gona na doka. Amma da kyar waɗannan sun tashi daga ƙasa saboda matsalolin shari'a, rashin aiki da tsarin mulki da kuma zagon ƙasa daga sababbin mafia, waɗanda suka yi gaggawar ƙaura zuwa tsohuwar yankin FARC tare da yin barazanar kashe duk wanda ya haɗa kai da gwamnati.
Hakan ya sa manoma suka fara sake dasa noman Coca, wanda a halin yanzu ana jin tasirinsa a duk fadin duniya. Bayan shirye-shiryen amfanin gona na doka sun gaza, dole ne mutane su dogara ga coca ɗin su a matsayin tushen samun kuɗi kuma. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, noman Coca a Colombia su ma sun kara yin amfani. Rashin ƙoƙarin kawar da shi yana nufin ciyayi na iya girma zuwa matakin da suka fi dacewa, wanda shine lokacin da suke da shekaru biyu zuwa uku, a cewar Daniel Rico, darektan C-Analisis, mai ba da shawara kan hadarin da ke Bogota. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin hadarin da gwamnati ke fuskanta, wanda hakan ke sa manoma su kara himma wajen zuba jari a fannin takin zamani da ban ruwa.
A cikin shekaru goma zuwa 2021, adadin ƙasar da aka shuka da coca ya karu da 182% a Colombia, 71% a Peru da 56% a Bolivia, a cewar alkalumman gwamnatin Amurka. A halin yanzu Colombia tana samar da hodar Iblis sau biyu fiye da yadda makwabtan Andean suka haɗu. An kuma noma ƙananan amfanin gona a Amurka ta tsakiya da sauran wurare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
A tipping batu a cikin yaki a kan kwayoyi?
Putumayo ya zama sifili a lokacin da shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya kaddamar da shirin yaki da muggan kwayoyi a Colombia a farkon karni. Shekaru 10 da sama da dala biliyan XNUMX a taimakon Amurka daga baya, Putumayo har yanzu cike take da coca.
A bana 'yan kasar Colombia sun zabi Gustavo Petro shugaban kasar bayan ya yi yakin neman zabensa na kawar da albarkatun mai da kuma raba arziki. A jawabinsa na farko bayan da ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Agusta, Petro ya yi kira da a samar da sabuwar hanyar yaki da miyagun kwayoyi, yana mai cewa manufofin Bogota da Washington sun bi shekaru da dama sun haifar da tashin hankali da kuma kasa hana shan kwayoyi.
Petro ya ce gwamnatinsa za ta kai hari kan ’yan Mafia, maimakon manoman Coca, wadanda kusan dukkaninsu talakawa ne. Sai dai Petro ya kuma yi gargadin cewa hukumomi ba sa baiwa manoma izinin shuka koca, kuma za su ci gaba da kawar da shuke-shuke a wuraren da ba a amince da tono amfanin gona da radin kansu ba.
A karkashin Petro, waɗannan ƙoƙarin sukan haifar da rikici da al'ummomin gida, yayin da ba su da tasiri a kan kasuwancin narcos. A bara, hukumomin Colombia sun lalata dakunan gwaje-gwaje na wucin gadi kusan 5.000, a cewar bayanan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tattara. Samuwar Cocaine ya karu da kusan 14%, sabon rikodin. A cikin makon farko na watan Nuwamba, wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu na Commando ya bayyana ya kona wani dakin gwaje-gwaje. Hakan ya haifar da wata babbar gobara a dajin. Wani lokaci waɗannan dakunan gwaje-gwajen suna sake aiki a cikin mako guda.
Source: finance.yahoo.com (En)
